Chapter 1 Identification of functional microorganisms via cultivation-independent approach 1．1 Overview 1．2 PAHs-degrading microorganisms and genes 1．3 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) 1．4 Stable isotope probing (SIP) 1．5 Metagenomics based onhigh throughput sequencing 1．6 Transcriptomics 1．7 Single-cell technology 1．8 Magnetic-nanoparticle mediated isolation (MMI) References Chapter 2 Microbial degradation of organophosphorus pesticides via pure cultivation approach： novel degraders， kineticsand functional genes 2．1 Overview 2．2 Isolation and characterization of OPs-degrading microorganisms 2．3 Effects of pH and temperature on OPs biodegradation 2．4 Kinetic analysis of OPs degradation 2．5 Identification of OPs-degrading genes 2．6 Genotoxicityassessment of OPs and their degradation products by the whole-cell bioreporter ADP1_recA 65 2．7 Future prospectives References Chapter 3 Unraveling uncultivable pesticide degraders via stable isotope probing (SIP) 3．1 Overview 3．1．1 Application and impactsof pesticides 3．1．2 Microbial degradation of pesticides 3．2 Stable isotope probing for identifying functional microbes 3．2．1 Principles of stable isotope probing 3．2．2 SIP as a promising tool in identifying functional microbes 3．3 Application of SIP in identifyingactive pesticide degraders and studying bacterial diversity and function 3．3．1 Direct application with stable isotope labeled pesticide 3．3．2 Application with stable isotope in pesticide metabolites and similar compounds 3．4 Technical details of applying DNA-SIPin identifying functional pesticide degraders 3．4．1 In situ inoculation 3．4．2 Extraction and fractionation 3．4．3 Sequencing and analysis 3．5 Combination of DNA-SIP with other techniques 3．5．1 Coupling with sequencing-based approaches 3．5．2 Coupling with singlecell techniques 3．5．3 Coupling with other approaches for unraveling microbial functions 3．6 Challenges and perspectives References Chapter 4 Identification of chlorpyrifos-degrading microorganisms in farmland soils via cultivation-independent and -dependentapproaches 4．1 Overview 4．2 CPF biodegradation in soil 4．2 MNPs synthesis and functionalization of soils 4．3 Microorganisms responsible for CPF biodegradation identified by MMI 4．3 Isolation of CPF-degraders by pure cultivation 4．4 Identification of organophosphorushydrolase (OPH) genes affected in CPF metabolism 4．5 The degradation metabolite of CPF 4．6 Comparison between the degraders isolated via MMI and pure cultivation 4．7 Future prospectives References Chapter 5 Negative correlations between cultivable and uncultivablepyrene degraders explain bioaugmentation postpone 5．1 Overview 5．2 Biodegradation and bioaugmentation performance 5．3 Microbial community diversity and structure during pyrene degradation process 5．4 Pyrene degraders revealed by cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independentmethods 5．5 Intra-correlation within soil bacterial community 5．6 Dynamics of pyrene dioxygenase encoding genes 5．7 Metabolites and degradation pathway of pyrene 5．8 Comparative analysis of the bioaugmentation performance of PAHs degraders isolated via MMIand pure cultivation 5．9 Future prospectives References